## Saturday, January 9, 2016

### Asymmetric funnel plots without publication bias

In my last post about standardized effect sizes, I showed how averaging across trials before computing standardized effect sizes such as partial $\eta^2$ and Cohen's d can produce arbitrary estimates of those quantities. This has drastic implications for meta-analysis, but also for the interpretations of these effect sizes.  In this post, I use the same facts to show how one can obtain asymmetric funnel plots — commonly taken to indicate publication bias — without any publication bias at all. You should read the previous post if you haven't already.

A funnel plot is a commonly-used meta-analytic technique for the detection of bias in a subset of the scientific literature. The basic thinking is that if a literature is unbiased, the average estimates of an effect should not depend on the sample size (or some other measure of the "precision" of a study). For a given sample size, estimates of the effect size should be spread around the true effect size, with this spread decreasing as sample size gets larger.

Publication bias, which is often assumed to manifest itself as 1) a tendency for statistically significant results to be published, and 2) a tendency for researchers to publish effects consistent with their theoretical outlook, will result in asymmetric funnel plots. Read this Neuroskeptic post about a paper by Shanks and colleagues for an example how asymmetric funnel plots are used to argue for publication bias. Notice that the plots use a standardized effect size on the x axis.

#### A (not so) hypothetical paradigm

Since many priming effects have been called into question of recently, I will use a priming example. Suppose we are interested in an emotional face priming: we ask participants to perform a lexical decision task, but prior to every trial we "subliminally" (ie, very quickly) present either an excited face or a sad face, thinking that the excited face will speed performance on the task. Participants perform a number of trials in both priming conditions, which are averaged to obtain two "observations" per participant: an average RT in each condition. This is very common in the psychological literature. A paired t test is used to assess the effect of the prime.

Now suppose this same paradigm is used across many labs, with only variation in sample sizes. Each lab reports the standard statistics: the mean difference in RTs across participants, its standard error, and the t statistic. A skeptic comes along, collects all the statistics across all the papers, and computes Hedge's g standardized effect size (a variation on the standardized difference score) from the t statistic. They produce the funnel plot shown below by plotting the sample size1 (number of participants) against the standardized effect size:
This is a massively asymmetric funnel plot, and would likely be taken as strong evidence of publication bias. However, because I simulate the data, I know that there is no publication bias at all. This is merely an artifact of averaging and standardized effect sizes. You can obtain my simulation code here: github gist

Why is the funnel plot asymmetric? In all studies, the total number of trials performed was approximately the same: 2000 trials. The way these broke down across participants was different. Some studies had 100 trials per condition and 10 participants; others, 10 trials per condition and 100 participants. The standard deviation of the difference scores around their mean is a function of the number of trials performed per participant. When the number of trials is high, the standardized effect size is high, just as discussed in the previous blog post. But here, because the total amount of "effort" per study is conserved (that is, all studies have the same number of total trials), the studies with larger numbers of trials per participant have a smaller number of participants. The funnel plot therefore looks problematic, but it is an artifact.

One wonders if this Cross Validated query was related to this artifact.

Creating a funnel plot from the raw effect sizes removes the asymmetry; a funnel plot with the standard error on the y axis also does so.

This does not mean that using the standard error on the y axis fixes the problem. Consider another way number of trials and number of participants can be divided: positively correlated, rather than negatively as before. That is, studies that run more participants also run more trials per condition. The funnel plots end up looking very strange, with an asymmetry that is reverse of the one we expect. Larger effect sizes are obtained with larger numbers of participants.
Without reflection, this pattern might be offered as evidence that there was something very strange happening in a literature. But there's nothing strange here, except with the analysis. If there were publication bias, though, this artifact might actually mask it.

#### Wrap up

I suspect there are other artifacts one could generate using standardized effect sizes in a meta-analysis2. How can we keep from getting fooled? In some cases, perhaps the correction I mentioned in the previous post might be of use. Since a funnel plot is often used for detecting problematic bias in a literature rather than estimating the effect size, the fact that there is no "true" effect size is not problematic.

For future research, data sharing and reporting of different effect size measures will help. Modifications of Cohen's d and Hedge's g exist which will reduce this problem (see "Computing d and g from studies that use pre-post scores or matched groups", for instance), but these modified statistics cannot be computed from typically-reported statistics. The fact that we need statistics that are not typically reported in order to perform reasonable meta-analyses raises the question of whether current reporting practices really allow a cumulative science.

#### Footnotes

1Funnel plots can be created with a variety of statistics on the y axis. Different researchers make different recommendations for both axes (see, for instance, Peters et al 2006), and as we will see, this can have a dramatic effect on the conclusions.

2Sterne et al (2011) note minor asymmetries caused by a correlation between an effect and a standard error, as can be caused in estimation of extreme proportions or similar parameters, but nothing as dramatic or fundamental as shown here. Their asymmetries are mostly problematic for asymmetry tests, which can pick up minor asymmetries with larger samples.

1. A variation on the theme of small studies are more rigorous causing larger effects in smaller studies. In your case, if one suspects that some rigor variable is causing an artifact (in your case, trails per subject), one could regress it out first.

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2. I can't see why, in the first example, one would call any of the trials more "rigorous" than any others. They all have the same number of trials, and as one can see from Figure 2 (right) they all have essentially the same standard error. This artifact would be solely attributable to funnel-analyst carelessness.

There's no reason to regress it out, though; one knows how it should affect the effect size (by the square root of the number of trials). The correction I suggested in the previous post --- in this case, dividing the standardized effect size by the square root of the number of trials in a study --- makes the asymmetry go away.

3. Hi Richards,
both in the fixed, random and mixed models m-a, each study effect size is weighted by the inverse of variance which take in account the study numerosity. This does not solve the problem of the number of trials, but I wonder if it mitigates the limitations you raised.

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HERPES. he also cure my friend from cervical cancer Email: drebhotasoultion@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348089535482

27. I'm 59 years old and female. I was diagnosed a couple of years ago with COPD and I was beyond scared! My lung function test indicated 49% capacity. After having had flu a year ago, the shortness of breath, coughing and chest pains continued even after being treated with antibiotics. I've been smoking two packs a day for 36 years. Being born without a sternum caused my ribs to be curled in just one inch away from my spine, resulting to underdeveloped lungs. At age 34 I had surgery and it was fixed. Unfortunately my smoking just caused more damage to my already under developed lungs. The problem was having is that I enjoy smoking and don't want to give up! Have tried twice before and nearly went crazy and don't want to go through that again. I saw the fear in my husband and children's eyes when I told them about my condition then they start to find solution on their own to help my condition.I am an 59 now who was diagnose COPD emphysema which I know was from my years of smoking. I started smoking in school when smoking was socially acceptable. I remember when smoking was permitted in hospitals. It was not known then how dangerous cigarettes were for us, and it seemed everybody smoked but i was able to get rid of my COPD lung condition through the help of total cure herbal foundation my husband bought, totalcureherbsfoundation .c om has the right herbal formula to help you get rid and repair any lung conditions and cure you totally with their natural organic herbs. I wish anybody who starts smoking at a young age would realize what will eventually happen to their bodies if they continue that vile habit throughout their life.

28. HIV is a terrible disease, if not for my wife and the help of the great Dr. Apala my life would have been a mess! I was diagnosed with HIV in 2005, my wife encouraged me, and told me not to lose hope, we manage to give birth to a baby Boy who was free from the disease, and my wife was always there for me! One day she came to me and told me that he have found a man who can cure me. Base on scientist, they said there is no cure for HIV; he told me that he has seen many testimonies about him on the internet. We decided to contact him ask me some question about myself and the diease , and he asked us to buy his herbal cure that is goimg to help me which we did! 14 days later he asked me to go for HIV test, faithfully I went to do the Test, Lo and Behold, I was cured, the virus was not found in my Body... My Dear wife and my Father Dr. Apala God will surely bless the both of you, till the end of time, in Jesus name.. If you have any problem kindly contact he on (dr.apalaherbalhome@gmail.com) call or whatsapp him on +2348114047176
he also special on cureing
1. HIV/AIDS

2. HERPES
3. CANCER
4. ALS
5. HEPATITIS B
6.
DIABETES
7. HUMAN PAPILOMA VIRUS DISEASE(HPV)

8. ALZHEIMER
9. LUPUS (Lupus Vulgaris or Lupus
Erythematosus)

29. If you are stuck with your Management assignment then in this case you can opt for our Management Assignment. we provide the bestOnline marketing expert.We also provideHelp with Presentations help for students across the globe. for more information contact us +16692714848.

30. Herpes is a Terrible Disease, I am here today to appreciate the good work of Dr OMOLOWA who helping me curing my Herpes 1/2 Disease, I contacted the virus from my Boyfriend, i found out he was cheating on me, so i broke up with him, 1 month later i went to test myself in the hospital when i was seeing sore on my mouth and Private areas, i was diagnosed of Herpes 1/2. i tried using the acyclovir medicine but it didn't help in curing it, i went on a search and found out Dr OMOLOWA curing people illness, and so i got his email dr.omolowa@gmail.com and i was told how i can get his Herbal Medicine days later i received his medicine after using it for 2 weeks i was tested again and was confirm negative,i have be finally healed behold it was True, So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can contact and he also cure COPD, CANCER, DIABETES, HEPATITIS B, HIV... And more Whatsapp +2347014035034

31. HELLO
My name is Mark.am from Germany.i have been suffering from HIV/AIDS for 3 years.and still looking for a solution to my disease but still i could not find any cure but just 2 months ago a friend of mine from college came to visit me in the hospital and told me a similar problem of his cousin.who was suffering from HERPES who was cure by a herbalist called DR SCOFUA. he is a great healer and my friend advice me to contact him so that i can be cure from HIV/AIDS.which i did and now am free from HIV/AIDS so i just want to use this opportunity to say a well deserve THANK YOU to DR SCOFUA.You can also contact him if you have any problem via Email:drscofuaherbalhome02219@gmail.com. HE ALSO CURES OTHER DISEASES LIKE (1).HERPES CURE(2).ALS (3).HEPATITIS (4).HPV CURE(5).SPIRITUAL HEALINGS(6).CANCER (7).ASTHMA(8).DIABETES (9) LOW SPERM

32. My husband and I have been married for 20 years now. We were happily married with two kids, a boy and a girl. few months ago, I started to notice some strange behavior from him and a few weeks later I found out that my husband is seeing someone. He started coming home late from work, he hardly care about me or the kids anymore, Sometimes he goes out and doesn't even come back home for about 2-3 days. I did all I could to rectify this problem but all to no avail. I became very worried and needed help. As I was browsing through the Internet one day, I came across a website that suggested that Dr jeffrey can help solve marital problems, restore broken relationships and so on. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he did a spell for me. Two days later, my husband came to me and apologized for the wrongs he did and promise never to do it again. Ever since then, everything has returned back to normal. I and my family are living together happily again.. All thanks to Dr jeffrey . If you need a spell caster that can cast a spell that truly works, I suggest you contact him. He will not disappoint you. This is his E-mail:

dctrjeffrey@gmail.com

WhatsApp +2348162061202

1. I Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through herbal treatment from Dr Oyagu who I met through the internet, I actually couldn't believe it at first because it sounded impossible to me knowing how far I have gone just to get rid of it. Dr Oyagu send me his medicine which I took as instructed and here I am living a happy life once again, a big thanks to Dr Oyagu, I am sure there are many herbal doctors out there but Dr Oyagu did it for me, contact him oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com , also call or whatsApp him on +2348101755322

33. I’m isabell from the States.I want to use this medium to appreciate Mrs Julia Lucas for coming on the platform to share her experience with Dr osuma i have been online looking for a genuine remedy to my illness of 5 years Hepatitis B until i read Mrs Julia Lucas post.As we all know these days the truth is rear so i didn’t want to believe Mrs Julia Lucas until a second taught asked me to.I contacted Dr osuma as directed by Mrs Julia Lucas and follow the procedures and everything worked out in a brief.I thought there was no actual cure for Hepatitis B until a little trial convinced me.i was cured after 3 weeks of usage of Dr osuma great herbal medicine,he has a cure for what so ever health challenging issue HIV,TB,VERTEBRAL ISSUE,CANCER,DIABETES,ISCHEMIC DISEASES,STROKE,RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS,PULMONARY DISEASE,ALZHEIMER”S DISEASE,DEHYDRATION,CIRRHOSIS ETC.You can contact him via his Email (drosumaherbalcure@gmail.com)

You canI’m isabell from the States.I want to use this medium to appreciate Mrs Julia Lucas for coming on the platform to share her experience with Dr osuma i have been online looking for a genuine remedy to my illness of 5 years Hepatitis B until i read Mrs Julia Lucas post.As we all know these days the truth is rear so i didn’t want to believe Mrs Julia Lucas until a second taught asked me to.I contacted Dr osuma as directed by Mrs Julia Lucas and follow the procedures and everything worked out in a brief.I thought there was no actual cure for Hepatitis B until a little trial convinced me.i was cured after 3 weeks of usage of Dr osuma great herbal medicine,he has a cure for what so ever health challenging issue HIV,TB,VERTEBRAL ISSUE,CANCER,DIABETES,ISCHEMIC DISEASES,STROKE,RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS,PULMONARY DISEASE,ALZHEIMER”S DISEASE,DEHYDRATION,CIRRHOSIS ETC.You can contact him via his Email (drosumaherbalcure@gmail.com)

You can as well go through his website (http://drosumaherbalcure.weebly.com) as well go through his website (http://drosumaherbalcure.weebly.com)

34. I am so grateful to the great Dr okosun for curing my herpes disease,for 4 years i have been having hsv 1 and 2 which made me look so horrible, since i have been having this disease i have been in a complete agony weeping everyday, i have gone to several places trying to get a cure but nothing was change, i came to the internet one day and decided to look for help online and i saw different testimonies of lots of people around the world on how they have been cured from various diseases by Dr okosun and i also decided to contact him through his whatsapp number and i told him i have been infected with hsv and he assure me that he will help me to get cured from my disease, i believed him and obeyed all his instruction that he gave to me, afterwards he prepare a cure for me and when i received it and started using it just as he has promised me, i was told i will be cured from my infections within four weeks if i follow as i was instructed and i did as i was told and after four weeks i went for check up and to my greatest surprise i was declared negative and i was still in doubt and i waited for another week and went for check up in another hospital in another city and i was still declared negative, that was how i was completely cured totally within four weeks of usage. and i know there are also people out there suffering from various infections, why dont you contact dr okosun and get healed, you can get intouch with dr okosun via: drokosun55@gmail.com or watsapp on +2348124363791
His website https://drokosun55.weebly.com

35. Dr. Kham has really made me so much believe in him by getting me cured with his herbal treatment. i really appreciate you Dr. Kham for bringing back happiness to me again. thanks you so much, Friends join me to thank him for what he has actually done for me i pray to you all for a good life and good health, and most especially to you Dr. Kham THANKS.

I have been suffering from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) disease for the past four years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year,I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few months ago i came on search on the internet if i could get any information concerning the cure of this disease, on my search i saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by this Man Dr. Kham and she drop the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so i wrote to Dr. Kham telling him about my (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me. I am now here to testify that i am not longer a herpes patient, I have experience a total transformation in my life, for all herpes patients get your herbal medicine to cure your sickness. And there has being rapid improvement in my health, I no longer feel pains and I wake up each morning feeling revived. So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all,you can contact him.

CANCER
EPILEPSY.
GENPILENCIN.
HIV AIDS.
COPD
DIABETICS
STROKE.
EXPANDS OF PENIS BREAST
H.P.V TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 AND TYPE 4. TYPE 5.
HUMAN PAPAILOMA VIRUS.
HERPES.
SYPHILIS.
HEPATITIS A B and C.

Email: dr.khamcaregiver@gmail.com Or dr.khamcaregiver@outlook.com

His Wbesite: https://drkhamherbalhealingcenter.wordpress.com/

WhatsApp/Call number +2348159922297

1. I Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through herbal treatment from Dr Oyagu who I met through the internet, I actually couldn't believe it at first because it sounded impossible to me knowing how far I have gone just to get rid of it. Dr Oyagu send me his medicine which I took as instructed and here I am living a happy life once again, a big thanks to Dr Oyagu, I am sure there are many herbal doctors out there but Dr Oyagu did it for me, contact him oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com , also call or whatsApp him on +2348101755322

36. Dr. Kham has really made me so much believe in him by getting me cured with his herbal treatment. i really appreciate you Dr. Kham for bringing back happiness to me again. thanks you so much, Friends join me to thank him for what he has actually done for me i pray to you all for a good life and good health, and most especially to you Dr. Kham THANKS.

I have been suffering from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) disease for the past four years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year,I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few months ago i came on search on the internet if i could get any information concerning the cure of this disease, on my search i saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by this Man Dr. Kham and she drop the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so i wrote to Dr. Kham telling him about my (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me. I am now here to testify that i am not longer a herpes patient, I have experience a total transformation in my life, for all herpes patients get your herbal medicine to cure your sickness. And there has being rapid improvement in my health, I no longer feel pains and I wake up each morning feeling revived. So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all,you can contact him.

CANCER
EPILEPSY.
GENPILENCIN.
HIV AIDS.
COPD
DIABETICS
STROKE.
EXPANDS OF PENIS BREAST
H.P.V TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 AND TYPE 4. TYPE 5.
HUMAN PAPAILOMA VIRUS.
HERPES.
SYPHILIS.
HEPATITIS A B and C.

Email: dr.khamcaregiver@gmail.com Or dr.khamcaregiver@outlook.com

His Wbesite: https://drkhamherbalhealingcenter.wordpress.com/

WhatsApp/Call number +2348159922297

37. I Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through herbal treatment from Dr Oyagu who I met through the internet, I actually couldn't believe it at first because it sounded impossible to me knowing how far I have gone just to get rid of it. Dr Oyagu send me his medicine which I took as instructed and here I am living a happy life once again, a big thanks to Dr Oyagu, I am sure there are many herbal doctors out there but Dr Oyagu did it for me, contact him oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com , also call or whatsApp him on +2348101755322

38. HOW I GOT CURED OF HERPES DISEASE
I'm here to testify about what DR. OSO did for me. I have been suffering from (HERPES) disease for the past 5 years and had constant pain,especially inside my body. During the first year,I had faith in God that i would be healed someday. This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago i came across a testimony of one lady on the internet testifying about a Man called DR. OSO on how he cured her from herpes disease. And she also gave the email address of this man and advise anybody to contact him for help for any kind of sickness that he would be of help.so I emailed him telling him about my (HERPES) he told me not to worry that i was going to be cured!! Well i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me as DR. OSO assured me that i will be cured,after some time. i went to my doctor to confirmed if i have be finally healed behold it was TRUE,the test came out negative. So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can contact DR. OSO for help.
mail} drosohaberhome@gmail.com

WhatsApp /call +2348162084839

His blog pagehttps://drosohaberhome.blogspot.com

you can also email me for more information about DR oso via smithmorgan2777@gmail.com ALL THANK TO DR OSO .

39. Nothing like herbal remedy. I got rid of my herpes and cancer through the help of a herb doctor called DR_Anuge. He's a life restorer I must recommended to you. You can contact him with his email dranuge@gmail.com or Whatapp him +2348164866838

40. God bless Dr. USELU for his marvelous work in my life, I was diagnosed of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS since 2018 and I was taking my medications, I wasn't satisfied i needed to get the HERPES out of my system, I searched about some possible cure for HERPES i saw a comment about Dr. USELU , how he cured HERPES with his herbal medicine, I contacted him and he guided me. I asked for solutions, he started the remedy for my health, he sent me the medicine within 3 days. I took the medicine as prescribed by him and 2weeks later i was cured from HERPES contact him via email (dr.uselucaregiver@gmail.com) once again thanks to you Dr. USELU cure the flowing virus, contact his email or add him on whatsapp (+2349019328641) cancer cure
diabetes cure
ringing ear
herpes cure
warts cure
HPV cure
HIV cure
pregnancy herbal medicine
Hepatitis

41. God bless Dr. USELU for his marvelous work in my life, I was diagnosed of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS since 2018 and I was taking my medications, I wasn't satisfied i needed to get the HERPES out of my system, I searched about some possible cure for HERPES i saw a comment about Dr. USELU , how he cured HERPES with his herbal medicine, I contacted him and he guided me. I asked for solutions, he started the remedy for my health, he sent me the medicine within 3 days. I took the medicine as prescribed by him and 2weeks later i was cured from HERPES contact him via email (dr.uselucaregiver@gmail.com) once again thanks to you Dr. USELU cure the flowing virus, contact his email or add him on whatsapp (+2349019328641) cancer cure
diabetes cure
ringing ear
herpes cure
warts cure
HPV cure
HIV cure
pregnancy herbal medicine
Hepatitis  ...

42. Good News My People ..I Want To Appreciate Dr OYAKHIRE Herbal Medicine Is A Good Herbal Medicine For( HIV ),I Was Diagnosed With Hiv
Virus Last Month,And i Looked For Solution To
Be Cure,Luckily I Saw A Testimonies On How Dr
OYAKHIRE Cured Hiv Virus,I Decided To Contact Dr OYAKHIRE ,I Contacted Him and He Prepared A Herbal Medicine Portion And Sent It To Me,I Started The Herbal Medicine For My Health,He Gave Me Step By Step Instructions On How To Apply It, When I Applied It As Instructed, I Was Cured Of This Deadly HIV Virus Within 1week, I Am Now Hiv Negative.My Brothers And Sisters I
know That There Are So Many People That Have
this Same HIV Virus Please Dr OYAKHIRE is here To Help you too,And please Help Me To Thank Dr OYAKHIRE For Curing Me, I’m Cured By Dr.OYAKHIRE Herbal Medicine,His Contact you can whatapps him on is phone number okay
here is the number on Whatsapp,
(+2349039208180 or email droyakhire7@gmail.com
(1) HIV / AIDS
(2) CANCER
(3) HERPES
(4) DIABETES
(5) HERPERTITIS B
(6) HPV
(7)EX BACK
(8)Tinnitus
(9) stroke
(10) asthma
(11) fibroid

43. We are glad to announce that in COEPD we have introduced Digital Marketing Internship Programs (Self sponsored) for professionals who want to have hands on experience. In affiliation with IT companies we are providing this program. Presently, this program is available in COEPD Hyderabad premises. We deem in real time practical Internship program. We guide participants through real-time project examples and assignments, giving credits for Real-Time Internship. Our digital marketing certified mentors tutor our learning people through modules of Digital Marketing in an exhaustive manner. This internship is intelligently dedicated to our avid and passionate participants predominantly acknowledging and appreciating the fact that they are on the path of making a career in Digital Marketing discipline. We upskill and master the nitty-gritty of the Digital Marketing profession. More than a training institute, COEPD today stands differentiated as a mission to help you "Build your dream career" - COEPD way.
http://www.coepd.com/DMInternship.html

44. We are glad to announce that in COEPD we have introduced Digital Marketing Internship Programs (Self sponsored) for professionals who want to have hands on experience. In affiliation with IT companies we are providing this program. Presently, this program is available in COEPD Hyderabad premises. We deem in real time practical Internship program. We guide participants through real-time project examples and assignments, giving credits for Real-Time Internship. Our digital marketing certified mentors tutor our learning people through modules of Digital Marketing in an exhaustive manner. This internship is intelligently dedicated to our avid and passionate participants predominantly acknowledging and appreciating the fact that they are on the path of making a career in Digital Marketing discipline. We upskill and master the nitty-gritty of the Digital Marketing profession. More than a training institute, COEPD today stands differentiated as a mission to help you "Build your dream career" - COEPD way.
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45. Beware of online spell or to fix your broken marriage or relationship problem or after a divorce or Breakup,I was recently scam by two of them, until one faithful day i meet a man called Dr marvelous who help me to get back to the father of my 2 kids after we have been separated for 3 years,I only pay for the items required for the spell and he cast the spell for me within 48hours my ex man call me and beg me to forgive him for everything and we are back together.if you need a real and quick love spell or you are passing through pregnancy problem contact Dr marvelous he is the answer, Please if any body needs. LOVE SPELL,LOTTERY,PREGNANCY SPELL, DIVORCE SPELL,STOP COURT CASE AND WIN ANY COURT PROBLEM,DEATH SPELL,BUSINESS SPELL AND MANY MORE YOU MAY NEED. Email him now for your own help. via email drmarvelousspellcaster@gmail.com add him on whatsapp line or call +2349039208180..........

46. I'm so excited to share my testimonies about the Good Work of  Dr. Anuge who got me cured from herpes simplex virus (HSV1&2) with his herbs, I never thought that I would live on earth before the year runs out. I have been suffering from herpes, I had spent a lot of money going from one Hospital to another looking for a way to get rid of this disease, the hospital has been my home everyday residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this fateful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how @Dr_anuge7 helped someone in curing his herpes disease using his healing Herbs, quickly I copied his email just to give him a test I spoke to him, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, after I received his herbs and I took it as instructed. I was cured permanently from herpes. My herpes disease was gone. so I decided to share my testimony, that nothing is impossible with God, God used a man to heal me. No matter what you are passing through, no matter how deadly the sickness is and no matter what the situation is God that did mine is still going to do yours, people suffering from herpes, brain tumor, kidney disease, pcos, AIDS, ALS, copd, asthma, arthritis, herpes, Cancer, Hpv, any kind of disease, you can reach him now via ? Gmail address: dranuge@gmail.com or whatsapp  +2348164866838

47. Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Diabetes type 1 cured a month ago. i have been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by dr ovia but i never believed them. I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try DR. Ovia then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out. My treatment was a great success, he healed me just as he promised. he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after 2 weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up , to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 7days to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony. I did another  test one week ago and it was still negative. so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through diabetes Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis B,Cancer reach him through his ig link @droviaherbalhome or on whatsapp +2348117923986 his emails address droviaherbalhome@gmail.com

48. I am from New York. I was in trouble when doctor told me that I have been diagnosed tinnitus ringing ears with … I though about my Family, I know my Family will face a serious problem when I’m gone, I lost hope and I wept all day, but one day I was surfing the Internet I found Dr. Oyakhire contact number. I called him and he guided me. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedies for my health. Thank God, now everything is fine, I’m cured by Dr. Oyakhire herbal medicine, I’m very thankful to Dr. Oyakhire and very happy with my hubby and family. email him on droyakhire7@gmail.com OR contact his whatsapp number: +2349039208180 DOCTOR OYAKHIRE CAN AS WELL CURE THE FOLLOWING DISEASE:- 1. HIV/AIDS 2. HERPES 3. CANCER 4. ALS 5. DIABETES 6. HEPATITIS